Energy Repono Research et Analysis Report: Key Experientiae in adventu decennia (I)

THIS REPORT IS THE LATEST IN A SERIES OF REPORTS RELEASED BY THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) ON FUTURE RESEARCH INTO ENERGY STORAGE (SFS). THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH (SFS) IS A MULTI-YEAR RESEARCH PROJECT THAT EXPLORES HOW ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS ARE IMPACTING THE OPERATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S. POWER INDUSTRY.

THIS STUDY ANALYZES AND EXAMINES THE IMPACT OF ADVANCES IN ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY ON UTILITY-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE DEPLOYMENT AND ADOPTION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS, AS WELL AS THE IMPACT ON FUTURE POWER SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND OPERATION. SOME OF THE QUESTIONS THAT THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) TRIED TO ANSWER DURING THE COURSE OF ITS RESEARCH INCLUDE:

· Quomodo enim sumptus et perficientur de industria repono ratio mutatio in tempore?

· Etiam sine rectoribus et policies ad augendam de participes de Renewable Energy, quod est partes diei industria repono in potestate sector?

· In U.S., quod est moles oeconomice viable instruere Deltime industria repono, tam in utilitatem-scale et in distribution scale?

· Quid factores ut eiciam hanc deployment?

· Quomodo erit incremento in installed facultatem interdiu industria repono afficit eget operationes?

THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY'S (NREL) FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH (SFS) SERIES OF REPORTS SUMMARIZES KEY LESSONS LEARNED FROM ITS RESEARCH PROCESS AND WILL HELP SHAPE THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE VISION 

THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH (SFS) SERIES OF REPORTS PROVIDES DATA AND ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S (DOE) "ENERGY STORAGE GRAND CHALLENGE," A COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM DESIGNED TO ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT, COMMERCIALIZATION, AND UTILIZATION OF NEXT-GENERATION ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES AND HELP THE UNITED STATES MAINTAIN ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY STORAGE. THE ENERGY STORAGE CHALLENGE USES A USE CASE FRAMEWORK TO ENSURE THAT ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES CAN COST-EFFECTIVELY MEET SPECIFIC NEEDS, INCORPORATING A WIDE RANGE OF TECHNOLOGIES ACROSS MULTIPLE CATEGORIES: ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE, MECHANICAL ENERGY STORAGE, THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, AND POWER ELECTRONICS.

Energy repono deployments pro decades ad

Energy repono systems verisimile facti clavem elementa humilis-ipsum, flexibile et resiliet futuris eget.

Renewable Energy Generation in U.S. Quod potentia regione habet auctus dramatically super praeteritum paucos annos et expectat videre significant incrementum in futurum. in addition, as more and more customers emphasize the importance of clean energy deployment while maintaining reliable operation of power systems, the united states and countries around the world are paying more attention to the use cases of solving power system outages, and pay more and more attention to research and analysis on power system reliability and resilience.

In eodem tempore, sumptus de industria repono technologiae, praesertim altilium industria repono systems, cecidit acriter in praeteritum paucos annos, et alia industria repono technologies sunt developed. Hae factores auctus est de momenti munus quod industria repono systems ludere ut discrimine decarbonized dignissim et ut ad evolving eget accessum ad reliable electricity.

Energy repono systems offerre multas potential beneficia ad euismod. Energy repono systems potest copia et providere electricity et complement electricity ventum potentia facilities et solaris potentia generationem facilities, providing potentia cum disponibilitate horum opibus reducitur. Cum combined cum renewable vel mundum industria fontes, industria repono systems habent facultatem ad redigendum CONSERVATORIUM Gas emissiones.

Energy repono systems potest etiam amplio utendo de tradenda lineas dum offsetting vel tarditatem constructionem novum potentiae generationem facilities providere apicem facultatem vel occursum opus operational subsidiis. Denique distribuit industria repono systems potest reducere operational pressura super malesuada in tempora apicem demand. Hoc flexibilitate est momenti ad expectata incrementum de electrica vehicles et potentiale onus augmentum pro aliis finem-usus electrifications.

AS THE COST OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS CONTINUES TO FALL AND THE GRID INTEGRATES MORE VARIABLE RENEWABLES, MODELING FROM THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) SUGGESTS THAT THE DEPLOYMENT OF ENERGY STORAGE DEPLOYMENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS WILL INCREASE SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE NEXT FEW DECADES. BUT IT ALSO RAISES QUESTIONS SUCH AS HOW ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS WILL AFFECT HOW THE GRID OPERATES AND EVOLVES IN THE COMING DECADES.

BECAUSE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS HAVE CHARACTERISTICS THAT AFFECT POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, AND DISTRIBUTION, THE VALUE OF QUANTIFYING ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS IS MORE COMPLEX THAN QUANTIFYING THE VALUE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION FACILITIES SUCH AS SOLAR POWER GENERATION FACILITIES OR RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION FACILITIES SUCH AS WIND POWER GENERATION. THROUGH THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE STUDY (SFS), THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) AIMS TO DEEPEN ITS UNDERSTANDING OF HOW ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS ADD VALUE TO POWER SYSTEMS, HOW MUCH VALUE THEY ADD TO THEM, HOW MANY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS CAN BE DEPLOYED ECONOMICALLY, AND HOW ENERGY STORAGE DEPLOYMENTS AFFECT THE OPERATION AND EVOLUTION OF POWER SYSTEMS.

In Future of Energy repono studio (SFS) Primum definit quattuor-Phase Framework quod crescit industria repono deployment et durabiling in tempore, quod XII horis), et applicat ad melius intelligere, et agente-fundatur in Detailed in Deriling Derilency Systems et Systems ad Detailed est in Partes et in Systems in Details est in Partes of Energy Systems ad Detailed est in Partes of Energy Systems ad Detailed in Denection of Energy Systems in Systems ad Details est in Melior est in Systems in Details est in Partes of Energy Systems ad Detailed in Dattrabilibus, et ex industria, secundum quod est in Detailed in Details est in Systems in Details est in Partes of Energy Systems ad Detailed in Denection of Systems in Details et in Systems in Partes of Energy. De studio & # XXXIX, s main conclusioni est quod industria repono deployments sunt significantly augeri potentiale - saltem quinque temporibus per MML, quod erit in integralis in determinandum est in determinandum, quod erit in integralis in determinandum est in determinandum, quod erit in integralis in determinandum est in determinandum, quod in integralis in determinandum, quod erit ludere in integralis in determinandum, quod est in determinatam in determinatam in mixtionem in integralis in determinandum, quod in mixtionem in mix. Ex an analysis de futuro de industria repono studio (SFS), previous opus, et additional analysis huius fama, studium identifies VIII key insights in futurum de industria repono systems et impulsum in virtute systems. Haec magni momenti lectiones didicit potest auxilium policymakers, technology developers, et eget operators praeparet ad adventum undam de industria repono deployments:

Key experientia I: In installed facultatem industria repono systems expectat crescere cursim

In posterum de industria repono studium fama puncta ad ingens oeconomicae potentiale ad U.S. Power Sector & # XXXIX, s adoption of 0 industria repono et monstrat et crescente sumptus-aemulationem de industria repono systems. Using Advanced magna-scale facultatem expansion exempla, id est inventus quod interdiu industria repono systems (perpetuam < XII horas) sunt competitive in terms of sumptus in varietate missionibus et studium facta series sumptus et perficientur Isto positionibus de industria repono systems, et naturalis gas potentia plantis.

FIGURE 1 SHOWS THAT IN ALL SCENARIOS, THE TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY OF THE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM DEPLOYED IN THE FUTURE IS 100GW TO 650GW. AND THIS BROAD SCOPE IS DRIVEN BY A NUMBER OF FACTORS, INCLUDING THE COST OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (KEY REALIZATION 2), NATURAL GAS PRICES, AND RISING COSTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY. EVEN THE MOST CONSERVATIVE SCENARIOS WILL INCREASE FIVEFOLD COMPARED TO THE INSTALLED CAPACITY OF 23GW OF ACCUMULATED 23GW OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS DEPLOYED BY 2020, MOST OF WHICH ARE PUMPED STORAGE POWER GENERATION FACILITIES.

Est dignum attendendum quod renewable industria et industria repono systems erit deployed in amplis etiam sine additional carbon reduction Politiae, significans eorum augendae pretium competitiveness ut a resource pro providente industria et capacity servicia.

INSIGNIFICANT BUT INCOMPLETE DECARBONIZATION SIMULATION SCENARIOS, CARBON EMISSIONS FROM THE U.S. POWER SECTOR HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY 46 TO 82 PERCENT COMPARED TO 2005, AND BY 2050, THE SHARE OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY (VRE) IN THE TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY OF AVAILABLE ENERGY IN THE U.S. WILL REACH 43 TO 81 PERCENT. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS WITH A DURATION OF 4 TO 6 HOURS ARE TYPICALLY USED AND DRIVEN BY INTRINSIC SYNERGIES WITH SOLAR POWER FACILITIES (KEY EXPERIENCE 5), BUT LONGER DURATION ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS ARE USUALLY DEPLOYED IN SUBSEQUENT MODELING YEARS (KEY EXPERIENCE 7). INDUSTRY EXPERTS ALSO EXPLORE THE MAIN DRIVERS BEHIND THE GROWTH OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS.

Figura 1.In Reference Case, in installed facultatem de industria repono ratio deployed in Civitatibus Foederatis Americae per MML erit crescere ad de 200gw, et Duration est de 1,200GWH (right), quod est de industria est de 2,200GWH (ius), quod est de industria est de range est lata.

Key experientia II: Non expectatur quod sumptus of Energy Storage Systems mos permanere decrescere in proximo futurum, et Lithium-Ion Pugna Energy Storage Systems erit permanere ducere in foro

THE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY MODELING INPUT DATA REPORT IN THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH (SFS) SERIES PREDICTS FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COST OF UTILITY-SCALE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND OTHER ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES THAT DRIVE MOST OF THE EXPECTED GROWTH IDENTIFIED IN KEY EXPERIENCE 1.

Maxime ex stationarius industria repono systems expected ut deployed in brevi terminus sunt altilium industria repono systems, praesertim lithium-ion altilium industria repono systems. At certe in brevi terminus, dominante de Lithium-Ion altilium industria repono systems in industria repono foro est repulsi per incrementum in pluribus foro, interussi electronics et stationarius industria repono applications et electronics vehicles.

Figura II praebet exemplum de historical et futuri costs of Lithium-ion altilium sarcinas, showing in celeri declines in industria repono ratio costs in annis. In chart etiam ostendit quod ingens maioris gravida sunt propter translationem applications, quod est verisimile maxime momenti exactoris altilium technology progressionem et altilium pretium reductionem.

THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY (NREL) USES VARIOUS FUTURE COST PROJECTIONS FOR UTILITY-SCALE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS TO ASSESS OVERALL SYSTEM COSTS, INCLUDING INVERTERS, SYSTEM BALANCING, AND INSTALLATION. FIGURE 3 SHOWS AN EXAMPLE OF THE COST PREDICTION OF A BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM USED IN THE FUTURE STUDY OF ENERGY STORAGE (SFS) REFERENCE SCENARIOS WITH A DURATION OF 2 TO 10 HOURS

Figura II ad sumptus de Lithium-Ion gravida cecidit plus quam LXXX% super praeteritum decade et expectat ut permanere declinare in exiguamque ad electrica vehiculis.

Figura III: De Reference Propter utilitatem-scale altilium Energy Storage Systems expectat ut permanere ad redigendum costs. In sinistra parte mensuras superiores costs in pupa / kwh (industria repono facultatem) basis, dum dextram latus mensuras super pupa / KW (installed facultatem) basis. Praetorium assumit 60mw altilium industria repono project

In sinistra curvae figure III ostendit summa sumptus de industria repono facultatem (KWH) de industria repono ratio, quae est communis mensura in altilium industria. Hoc est summa sumptus de installing in industria repono ratio. Nam certa industria repono applications, etiam includit electricity actis costs (related to repono et conversionem) et industria actis costs (navitas repono media). Electricity actis costs don & # XXXIX, T solere crescere cum duratione, quod significat non

Licet maxime de industria repono systems deployed in recens annis sunt altilium industria repono systems, variis industria repono technologies ut intrare in foro ut costs cadunt aut valorem de longa-term navitas repono crescit (key experientia VII). Figura IV summarizes capitis sumptus aestimationes ad XV genera industria repono systems et diversis gradibus commercialization. Ad perveniet ad totalis sumptus, in installed facultatem actis sumptus (x-axis) multiplicatur per numerum horas (duratio) et addidit ad virtutem actis sumptus (y axis). Figura IV Item depingit sumptus areas de hac relatione, quae potest esse magis vel minus idoneam brevi-term aut diu terminus applications. Usus altilium industria repono systems ut a benchmark, hyacintho linea repraesentat foro segmentum ubi alternative technologiae sunt (vel maybe) magis sumptus-effective, cum commercium.

Est momenti ad notandum quod maxime industria repono technologiae, distinctio inter virtutem et industria-related components non absoluta, et potest esse difficile distinguere his components. Multa alia magna factores non illustratur in Figura IV, comprehendo crimen-missionem per-trinus efficientiam et potentiale site lectio limitations.

Propter differentiam electricity et industria actis costs, quidam technologies potest esse magis idoneam diversis industria repono applications secundum desideravit durationem. Minimum-potentia technology costs (sed princeps industria costs), ut magis idoneam ad brevis-term applications, cum cogitationes cum altior potentia-related costs, sed minus in longa-related costs sit magis competitive in longa-term. De relative momenti variis applications de quibus in key experientia III. Sicut eget evolves, iam applications (key experientia VII) sunt verisimile ludere per augendae partes, quae potest augere casus adoptive magis industria repono technologies. In area in tantum reliquit in figure IV habet valde humilis-cost industria-related technologiae (usura sub Caves aut lacus), quae bene idonea ad applicationem ex temporis industria repono systems (key experientia VIII).

Altiore, altilium Energy Storage Systems Currently dominari in industria repono foro, sed alia industria repono technologiae sunt verisimile permanere ad amplio in futurum. Ut potentia systems evolve et partes industria repono systems mutat per tempus, ut habeant novam foro occasiones si alius technologies potest certare cum altilium industria repono systems in terms of sumptus.

Figura IV: Quod sumptus of Energy repono facultatem (USD / KWH) et installed capacity sumptus (USD / KW) de variis industria repono technologies. Energy storage technologies with low costs associated with installed capacity but high costs associated with energy storage capacity may be more suitable for short-term energy storage applications, while energy storage technologies with higher costs associated with installed capacity and low costs associated with energy storage capacity may be more competitive in long-term energy storage applications. Sicut technology evolves et commercializes, expectata costs potest mutare

Key realization III: Quod facultatem providere certa facultatem est a major exactoris sumptus-competitive industria repono deployment

THE ABILITY OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS TO PROVIDE FIXED CAPACITY IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH (SFS) REPORT. IN THE FOUR PHASES OF UTILITY-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE DEPLOYMENT, THE FRAMEWORK FOR THE EXPANSION OF ENERGY STORAGE IN POWER SYSTEMS DISCUSSES THE MULTIPLE SOURCES OF VALUE PROVIDED BY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS, WHICH DRIVES MOST OF THE EXPECTED GROWTH IDENTIFIED IN KEY EXPERIENCE 1.

FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH (SFS) MODELING EVALUATES FOUR SOURCES OF VALUE THAT ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS PROVIDE TO THE GRID:

· Fixarum facultatem: occursum usor Demand durante apicem postulant in potentia ratio et reponere facultatem traditional potentia generationem facilities ut naturalis Gas potentia generationem facilities.

· Energy Tempus Shift: Stores Infra-Pretium Electricity per sexagenis de low rete demanda et solvo electricity per tempora summi rete demanda. Hoc includit avoiding inutile Renewable Energy Generation Capacity.

· Operating subsidiis, celeri responsio ad imbalances inter copia et demanda fecit a temere mutationes et disruptions. Plures genera reservat includit frequency ordinacione et subitis subsidiis.

· Vitare rettofitting aut upgrading tradenda facilities: offset vel reducere opus upgrade vel rettofit transmissione facilities a Deploying industria repono systems in locis in quibus potestas est restringitur, cum potestate, ut adeunt et ad maximum potentiae facultatem.

Energy Storage Systems potest providere multiple officia simul vel in diversis temporibus (saepe referred to as "valorem stacking"). Ad determinare relativum valorem harum officia in evolving eget, studium simulatum a varietate missionibus ut satus et clauserunt in industria repono systems providere facultatem ad translationem subsidiis, facultatem, et tempus singuli vel respectu, capacitatem, et tempus singuli vel respectu, facultatem et in se vel in captivitatem, et tempus singuli vel in capiecto. Dum valore transmissionis mora est difficile segregare ab invicem et ipsum regional, sic non est conatu segregare valore moratus transmissiones.

Figura V ostendit exemplum ex usu casu quod fines officia, quae est industria repono ratio potest providere ostendit quod facultatem servicia sunt magis quam industria tempus-shifting et operational reservat ratio. Impulsum de transmissione actis beneficia, quae sunt momenti sed ipsum regional, non est in rationem figurae V.

STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT BY 2050, THE UNITED STATES WILL DEPLOY ABOUT 200GW OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS. WHEN IT OFFERS ONLY ENERGY TIME-SHIFTED SERVICES, IT REALIZES 30% OF ITS "ALL FOUR SERVICES" POTENTIAL. HOWEVER, IF THE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM ONLY PROVIDES FIXED CAPACITY AND HAS ECONOMIC VALUE, A 150GW ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM MAY BE DEPLOYED. THE PROVISION OF OPERATIONAL RESERVE SERVICES WILL ONLY INCREASE DEPLOYMENT IN RELATIVELY SMALL AMOUNTS, IN PART DUE TO THE LIMITED OPERATIONAL RESERVES REQUIRED AND THE SATURATION OF RESERVE REQUIREMENTS DUE TO ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS DEPLOYED PRIMARILY TO PROVIDE CAPACITY AND TIME-SHIFTED SERVICES.

Altiore, hoc suggerit quod industria repono systems possunt providere firmum industria repono facultatem et offset in demanda pro traditional potentia generationem in occursum apicem, quod est discrimine ad suum plenum potential. In ipsa facultatem ad industria repono ratio providere certa facultatem pendent late in duratione et ratione cum duratione apicem rete onus in deploing area. Duratio rete onus apicem affectus a varietate factores, inter solaris et incremental industria repono ratio deployment (key V et key VII).

Key Takeaway IV: Energy Storage Systems Aren & # XXXIX, T in tantum flexibilia optionem, sed eorum pretium reductiones mutata comparari aliis options.

Et facultatem ad augendam flexibilitatem de potentia ratio, in occursum apicem demand, et auxilium oratio variability in rete demanda crescit saepe expressit in forma flexibile copia curva. Figura VI praebet exemplum huius conceptum, illustrante opibus qui potest providere flexibile servicia.

Historice, industria repono systems fuisse videtur quod unus ex maxime pretiosi options ad augendae eget flexibilitate. Tamen sumptus reductiones potest mutare suum relativum positus elastica copia curva. Quamvis subcinctus, est momenti ad commendandam industria repono systems sunt unum ex pluribus opibus potest providere flexibilitate ad malitiam meliorem align copiam electricitatis in demanda electricitatis  

elastica copia curva figure 6

Sumptus-effective decarbonization requirit ad rationem potentiale flexibilitate omnium opibus, comprehendo late intacta in terminalibus electricity demanda. Flexibile demanda potest effectum per varietate machinationes, ex pretio signa ad concentration distribui industria fontes ad flexibile EV præcipiendo, quod potest providere multos ex eadem officiis ut industria repono systems, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo a apicem rete et mutantur, inter reducendo aemulandum net et mutantur in leo de variabilis generationem et mutantur, inter reducendo net et mutantur in leo de generatione.

Figura VII ostendit quod flexibile demanda et ingens potentiale of navitas repono systems in potestate sector. Hos eventus es ex supplementum analysis de praesenti fama. Columnae I et III in figura providere eventus underlying missione. II columnas et IV assumere additional demanda responsio deploy ut assess eorum ictum in industria repono systems et altiore investment decisions. In his casibus, in opus flexibilitate reducit altiore demanda ad industria et valorem de industria tempus translationem. Sicut effectus, industria repono ratio deployments decrevit, praesertim cum industria repono systems sunt moderate pretiosi, excitet opus flexibilitate et potentiale competition inter industria repono systems et potentiale competition inter industria repono systems et potentiale inter industria.

Ut penitus intellegere potentiale occasiones pro demanda responsio deployment, magis investigationis est necessitas. Take in Ratio implementation costs, socialis acceptatio, availability in rete Pecco periods (quod potest mutare ut variabilis generatione deployments crescere) et exsequendam machinationes. Dum industria repono systems potest esse magis competitive cum opibus ut flexibile demanda, the lowest-cost decarbonization eget analysis potest auxilium enable a range of flexibilia options ad enable et alias mundum industria fontes.

Figura VII. Ut load flexibilitate et docilitate proventus, in demanda ad industria repono facultatem et decrescit per MML pro humilis Renewable Energy // altilium sumptus missionibus, prout est an princeps demanda responsio