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General 
1
Can supercapacitor batteries replace lead-acid batteries and traditional lithium batteries?
Yes, completely, and the performance is better.
2
What is the difference between GTCAP's supercapacitor battery and ordinary battery?
The raw materials and internal structure of GTCAP supercapacitor battery are different with ordinary battery. And it is with very long life, high power, fast charge and discharge, safe and reliable.
3
How to use supercapacitor battery?
The use method of supercapacitor battery is very similar to lithium battery and the operation is simple and convenient. You can use it according to the method of lithium battery.
4
Can the supercapacitor battery be discharged to 0 Volt?
Our products inclued 2 series: EDLC and Graphene Supercapacitor Battery. EDLC can be discharged to 0 Volt, while graphene supercapacitor battery cannot.
5
Is there BMS in a supercapacitor battery module?
Yes, each GTCAP supercapacitor battery module integrates an intelligent BMS to protect the cell super capacitor batteries and the system.
6
Can different supercapacitor battery types be put in one system?
No, please just using one battery type per system.
7
Can GTCAP modules be used in parallel?
Some of the modules designed can be used in parallel, and it must be operated according to the operation manual.
8
Can I have redundancy in the supercapacitor battery pack in the event of failure?
This is an extra option already installed and operational on some large electric vehicle systems with parallel battery systems. It gives the reassurance that in the event of a single point fault the remaining portion of the battery pack will continue to provide energy. It is enabled through extra control and switching wiring and also involves an additional level of management control supervision which GTCAP have developed and can support.
9
How do I replace a module in an in-service battery pack?
The fundamental safety rule is that lithium batteries at different states of charge should not be connected together. Electrical isolation of batteries at different states of charge must be maintained until all modules in the pack (including the new replacement) are fully charged. For help to achieve this it is strongly advisable to contact the Applications Engineering team for support. Only certified technicians are allowed to modify power cabling and installations.
10
How do I select the right battery for my application?
The important factors are to match. ● the battery pack voltage and system minimum and maximum voltages. ● the battery capacity in Amp hours needs to be matched with nominal current consumption and run-time. ● the system peak discharge current must be carefully matched to battery specification and if necessary a larger capacity pack chosen to prevent overheating. ● the total weight and dimensions also need to balance with these overall factors.
11
Is cooling required, on supercapacitor battery packs?
This really depends on the environment and the typical energy usage profile. A small capacity pack which is being “worked hard” will generate more heat than larger capacity pack. (Ask GTCAP for advice!)
12
What is the correct orientation when a supercapacitor battery is fitted?
Any orientation is possible as there is no free electrolyte inside, however we recommend the terminals are upright, particularly when sideways mounted. (no upside down orientation with terminals on the bottom).
Charging & Discharging
1
Balancing during charge. Why is it important?
Due to the way the supercapacitor batteries are constructed from many internal cell blocks it is very important that during charging these cell blocks are allowed to balance (i.e. reach the same charge level), otherwise the total battery output performance would be limited by the cell block which is lowest charge state. This balancing should be performed as often as possible to keep the overall capacity optimum and ensure that all super capacitor batteries within a pack are
2
Calibrating State of charge (SOC), what way does it work? How often do I need to fully charge and discharge to reset SOC?
● The complex SOC algorithm has been developed by GTCAP to give a prediction of the remaining capacity based on many real time measurements inside each of the modules. The accuracy of the SOC is very good but its linearity benefits from regular full charge (100% SOC) & cell balancing, and also from periodic discharge below approx. 20% where a re-calibration is performed on each module. ● Generally in vehicle applications we advise the period of this re-calibration can be determined during initial trials so that it can be incorporated within a timeframe alongside other service intervals. ● At low consumption it is important to note that the SOC of the battery can drift – a regular full charge of the batteries does help limit the drift.
3
Can the charger be connected to supercapacitor batteries permanently?
Only the chargers that have a float phase can be connected permanently to supercapacitor batteries. When batteries are fully charged the charger will remain in floating mode.
4
Can the supercapacitor batteries be deep discharged? How can they be recovered if this happens?
● The super capacitor battery does not exhibit any ‘memory’ effect in the way other types of batteries do, so remain usable across 100% of capacity. However, the batteries must remain above minimum voltage (>2.5V per cell block) to protect the cells from possible reverse currents. Once the battery reaches this minimum level it should not be left at this level and must be recovered up to its normal operational voltage as soon as possible. ● For the EDLC the minimum voltage per cell is defined at 2.5V. For the super capacitor batteries it is 2.5V per cell block. ● In case of deep discharge we can sometimes recover the super capacitor battery with a very low current. It is not recommended unless it is performed within our laboratory or in specific situations at the customer with GTCAP expert/engineering assistance.
5
Do supercapacitor batteries self-discharge when not in use?
● Yes, there is a small self-discharge with traction batteries but they can be stored, when full, for up to 6 months without needing to be re-charged. Caution: the self-discharge is accelerated with higher storage temperature (>45 degrees C). ● The traction batteries have internal protection electronics which consume current and if stored need to be put into ‘shelf mode’ for reduced current drain. ● In all situations it is advisable to check the condition and state of charge periodically to ensure that batteries are not over discharged.
6
How do you charge the supercapacitor batteries correctly?
Ideally supercapacitor batteries should be charged in 3 stages: ● GTCAP suggests C/3 for a better lifespan of the batteries & 1C as maximum charging current. ● Allowed to equalize & balance cells at this level until fully charged ● Return to float charge. ● This is similar to many intelligent lead acid chargers as an acceptable steady voltage in equalization phase. ●Apart from the charge current limits which are higher for GTCAP. For the rest, the same applies to GTCAP‘s graphene supercapacitor batteries.
Communication, BMS and Remote Monitor
1
What is a BMS? Is it necessary?
A Battery Management System is necessary for control and protection during discharge and charging. The BMS provides CAN bus or RS485 communication of battery status ‘state of charge’ and alarms etc. It may also be used without CAN bus interface with just basic analog inputs and outputs for simpler systems.
2
What CAN BUS protocols do you support?
GTCAP uses only CAN or RS485 open protocol. We can support customers in interfacing & adapting to different protocols they are using.
3
How does the BMS know which module is which?
Each module is programmed with individual ID number e.g. 001 and the BMS can address directly with each module on a shared communication channel.

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